MAP READING KA PARICHAY (INTRODUCTION TO MAP READING)

PRASTAVANA.   Aadhunik yug mein vigyan ki pragati ke sath-sath yuddh ke swaroop mein bhi kaafi parivarthan ho gaya hai. Rajnitik samjoton ke falswaroop yuddh ki seemayen desh ki seema ko par kar gaie hain. In aavasthaon mein sainik ko aise ilakon mein jana parta hai jahan ki bhogolik evam dharataliya banavat se ve anbhigya rahate hain. Saamrik dristi se zameeni banavat ka labh tabhi uthaya ja sakta hai, jab sainikon ko Map Reading mein achchhi prakar se kushalta hasil ho. 

2. MAP. Kisi bhu-bhag ko jab kisi mapak, projection athva nishchit vidhi ki sahayata se kisi kagaj, kapre ya anya kisi madhyam ke upar darshaya jata hai to use Map kahate hain.

 3. MAPON KA SANSHIPT ITHIHAS. Prachin kal mein uttari Canada ke Eskimo aur Arab ke marusthalon ki janjathi Bedouin ki khal aur ret ke upar kisi bhi bhu-bhag ka sahi khaka banane mein nipunata hasil thi. 600 BC Yunnan mein pahala map mitti ki pleton par banaya gaya tha. 500BC uttari Mesopotamia aur Babylon ki sabhyataon se hamein sarva pratham mapon ki jankari milthi hai. 12 BC Samrat August ke damad M Vipsanius Agrippa ne prashid Romen map taiyar kiya. San 1947 mein Venish sahar ke najdik Moreno ke ek Bhikshu Furra Mauro ne vishva ka ek map taiyar kiya jise madhyakalin Cartography ka shikhar bindu mana jata hai. San 1541 mein Mercator ne ek globe banaya aur San 1569 mein Europe ka ek bara map taiyar kiya. Todermal jo Akbar ke nao ratnon mein se ek the, unhone San 1571 mein kar basuli ke liye ek nayi pranali ki shuruath ki tatha khethi bari ka sahi dang se sarvekshan karke, pure samrajya ko 12 pranton mein vibhakt kiya aur vasuli ke map taiyar kiye. Shershah Suri ke shasan kal mein bhi aise hi mapon ka varnan milta hai. San 1767 mein East India Company ne Bharat mein apni prashasanik va vyaparik niyantran ko prabhavi banane ke liye ‘Survey of India’ ki sthapana ki. San 1785 mein Bharat ka pahala map taiyar kiya gaya aur San 1788 mein James Rainal dwara banaya gaya pahala map prakashit hua. Yahin se Bharat mein sarkar dwara map banane ki parampara ka shubharambh hua. December 1799 mein Col William Lambton ne pure Bharat ka GTS(Great trigonometrical Survey) karane ki yojana ka prastav rakha. 10 Apr 1802 mein GTS(Great trigonometrical Survey of India) ne Madras ke nikat sthit aadhar rekha (Base Line) se apna survey ka karya shuru kiya. San 1824 mein The Atlas of India shrainkhala ke tehat pure Bharat ke ¼”= 1 mile scale ke map banane ki yojana banay gaie. Iska pahala map 1827 mein England mein chhapa gaya. 1867 tak ye map England mein he chhapte the, tatpaschath ye map Bharat mein bhi chhape jane lage. 1847 se 1883 tak ¼” = 1 mile tatha isse bari scale ke map takniki roop se bahut pramanik nahi the. 1883 mein 1” = 1 mile tatha isse bari scale ke mapon ka standardization kiya gaya. 4. 1905 se Bharat mein aadhunik mapon ka nirman shuru hua aur nishchit yojana ke tahat pure dakshin Asia ko uchit akar va scale ki sheeton mein banta gaya. Isi samay 1”=1mile ki scale ke mapon ko Bharat mein Standard Maps ke roop mein apnaya jane laga. 1947 mein ½” = 1 mile ki scale ke mapon ka prakashan aanshik roop se bandh kiya gaya. 1956 mein Survey of India dwara metric paddhati ko apnaya gaya.1957 mein Hindi bhasha mein Bharat mein pahala Atlas prakashit hua. 5. MAP READING KA ARTH. Map Reading ka arth kewal map ko parna hi nahin hai, apitu sainik dristi se use bhalibhanti samajana aur prayog mein lana bhi hai. Ismein Grid Reference, duri ko mapna aur map koasal bhi shamil hain.   

MAPON KA VARGIKARAN .

Mapon ki vargikaran scale aur uddeshya ke adhar par kiya ja sakta hai:- 

Scale ke addhar par mapon ka vargikaran. Scale ke addhar par map teen prakar ke hote hain, jinhein Chhoti Scale, Madhyam Scale va Bari Scale ke Map kaha jata hai.Yeh sidhant sabhi deshon mein saman na hokar kewal parampara par nirbhar hota hai. Isliye bhinna-bhinna deshon mein Chhoti, Madhyam va Bari Scale ke mapon mein anupati antar hota hai. 

  (b) Uddeshya ke addhar par mapon ka vargikaran. Map banane ke kai uddeshya ho sakte hain. Ismein prasasanik karyawahi, Sainik karyawahi, Schoolon ki shiksha, Touriston ke liye, Yaatayat ke liye, vyapar ke liye va sarvajanik nirman ke liye suchnayen dena shamil hai. Uddeshya ke adhar par mukhaya map nimnalikhikt hain :- 

Dharatal Sambandhi Map. Yeh map survey department dwara banaye jate hain. Inmein dharatal ke sabhi sambhav prakratik angon ko alag-alag vidhion dwara darshaya jata hai. Inki visheshta yeh hai ki inmein zameen ki anavashyak detailon ko ekdam chhor diya jata hain. Samanyataya sena, Railway va Van vibhag in mapon ka istemal karte hain. 

 (ii) Atlas Map. Yeh bahut hi chhoti scale ke map hote hain tatha ek hi prast par puri pritvi, pura des ya pura rajya dikhaya jata hai. Yeh map adhiktar school mein Bhougolik shiksha dene ke liye prayog mein laye jate hain. 

 (iii) Guide Map. Inka mukhya uddeshya yatriyon va touriston ko unki dilchaspi ke sthan tak le jane wale raston ko dikhana hota hai. Ismein yatriyon ki suvidha ke liye Sarayon, Hotelon, Railway stationon, Bus standon aur Hawai addon aadi ko bhi darshaya jata hai. 

 (iv) Relief Map. Ye map triaayami (3 Dimentional) hote hain taki dharatal ka sahi-sahi gyan ho sake. 

 (v) Road Map. Parivahan, Vyapar, Dur jane wale logon ki suvidha ke liye sadakon ke map banaye jate hain. Inmein kewal sadaken hi dikhaie jati hain. 

 (vi) Railway Map. In mapon mein railway linon va railway stationon ki jankari di huie hoti hai. 

 7. MAP READING KA UDDESHYA 

 (a) Map reader ko is yogya banana ki vah Map se zameen par tatha zameen se map par prakritik va banawati nishanon ko Bhalibhanthi pahachan kar sake aur sahi marg ka chunav kar sake. 

 (b) Map ki suchnaon ko samjhkar bina zameen ko dekhe hi zameen ki tactical aur prashasanik sambhavanaon ki kalpana kar sake. 

 (c) Sainik gatividhiyon ke adesh-nirdesh evam unse sambandhit suchnaon ko sheeghrata se jaan sake.